2 101 X Statues of the Buddha and Brahminical (Hindu) sacrificial pillars in the region of Kutei on Kalimantan are positive 5th century AD evidence of Indian influences here that had been suggested by finds from earlier centuries of Rouletted ware (a distinctive incised type of pottery) and other Indian material.
#Kutei
3 101 X The Chinese Han dynasty established their rule into the Bac Bo area in 111 BC and tightened their grip after a major rebellion in AD 40. The area was divided into commanderies (administrative districts) answerable to the Han's centralized bureaucracy.
#PW Bac Bo
4 101 X The earliest certain evidence of South Asian influence on Java are 5th century Sanskrit inscriptions referring to Purnavarman (an Indianized name), lord of Tarumanagara: Buddhist and Brahminical (Hindu) brick structures at Cibuaya and Batujaya may be remains from his realm, as may three stone images of Vishnu found in the area.
#Tarumanagara
5 101 X The town of Oc Eo, a major craft production centre, had five concentric ramparts, separated by moats; through it flowed a series of canals, part of a large network providing drainage and transport through the region. A late 5th century AD shrine to Shiva probably replaced vanished earlier wooden shrines.
#Oc Eo, Foreign import from Oc Eo eg Roman coins
6 101 X Unexcavated capital of the early state of Funan.
#Anghor Borei
7 101 X Although the state of Dvaravati did not emerge until the 6th century AD, several settlements including Chansen flourished as trading and manufacturing centres at an earlier date. Among the objects discovered here was a 1st or 2nd century AD Indian ivory comb and bowls of Sri Lankan black metallic ware.
#Chansen, Indian ivory comb
8 102 C Brick chambered tombs at Lach Truong are a sign of Chinese influence: they contained bronze objects which show a blend of local and Chinese technology. Lach Truong was probably a major Han port in the developing trade with the west via the Red River valley.
#Lach Truong necropolis, Lamp-holder from Lach Truong tomb 3
9 102 D The capital of Au Lac, established by the fugitive king of Nan Yue after the Chinese invaded his country. Early finds here include typical local material such as Dong Son bronzes but later a fortified town with kilns for firing bricks, house models and glazed pottery show Han Chinese political domination.
#Co Loa, House model from Au Lac
10 101 X The town of Beikthano became a major trading centre early in the 1st century AD, in an area where Indian imports such as onyx beads show well established trade with South Asia over preceding centuries. Buddhism was adopted here in the 4th century AD: several monastic buildings have been found.
#Beikthano, reconstructed monastic buildings or plan of town
11 101 X Sembiran on Bali is one of a number of sites in the South-East Asian archipelago in which distinctive Rouletted (incised) Indian pottery has been found. Indian script (Kharoshthi) on some pottery is another indication of this trade, which, according to Chinese sources, included traffic in horses.
#Sembiran
12 101 X By the 4th century expanding trade with the west was reflected in the Indianized names of rulers and the growing importance of the worship of Shiva. The earliest Shiva temple at Mison, later an important religious centre, was built by a king called Bhadravarman, probably identifiable as Fan Huan (AD 399-413).
#Mison
13 101 X In the area of the later Champa state, Chinese sources speak of a 'state' called Linyi: this was more probably a number of independent chiefdoms united in their opposition to Chinese territorial aggrandizement. Nevertheless, Chinese influence was strong, particularly in civil and military architecture.
#Linyi
14 101 X Funan was an early participant in trade between east and west. Vast quantities of locally available gold and imported precious stones were found at its town of Oc Eo along with objects whose origins show the scope of foreign trade: Roman and Indian jewellery, Iranian coins and a Chinese mirror.
#Funan
15 101 X Khlong Thom (Khuan Lukpad) was one of a number of trading centres on the overland routes crossing the Malay peninsula. Finds here link it closely with Funan; they also include intaglios (engraved gems) with Classical designs and inscribed carnelian seals bearing the earliest Indian writing yet found in South-East Asia.
